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South Africa
Table of Contents
Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
Relief
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Conservation
People
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Government and society
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The 1996 constitution
Local government
Provincial government
Municipal government
Justice
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Security
Health and welfare
Housing
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Higher education
Cultural life
Daily life and social customs
The arts
Music
Art
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Black literature
Afrikaans literature
Anglophone literature
Multicultural literature
Theater
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Media and publishing
History
Prehistory
The Early Stone Age
The Middle Stone Age
The Late Stone Age
Pastoralism and early agriculture
The Iron Age
Iron Age sites
First urban centers
Europeans in South Africa
Settlement of the Cape Colony
Growth of the colonial economy
Increased European presence (c. 1810–35)
British occupation of the Cape
The Delagoa Bay slave trade
Emergence of the eastern states
The expansion of European colonialism (c. 1835–70)
The Great Trek
The British in Natal
Attempts at Boer consolidation
The Cape economy
Disputes in the north and east
The Zulu after Shaka
The decline of the African states
Diamonds, gold, and imperialist intervention (1870–1902)
Diamonds and confederation
Afrikaner and African politics in the Cape
Gold mining
The road to war
The South African War (1899–1902)
Reconstruction, union, and segregation (1902–29)
Milner and reconstruction
Convention and union
Black, Coloured, and Indian political responses
Union and disunity
Afrikaner rebellion and nationalism
Segregation
The Pact years (1924–33)
The apartheid years
The intensification of apartheid in the 1930s
World War II
The National Party and apartheid
Resistance to apartheid
The unraveling of apartheid
Postapartheid South Africa
The Mandela presidency
Transition to majority rule
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The Mbeki presidency
Corruption charges against deputy president Zuma
Mbeki steps down
The Zuma presidency
The 2009 national election
Economic problems, social discontent, Nkandla scandal, and the death of Mandela
The 2014 national election
University fees protests
Controversy: the Gupta family, Nkandla, and corruption charges revisited
Zuma’s resignation
The Ramaphosa presidency
Accomplishments and challenges
The 2019 national election
COVID-19
“Farmgate” controversy and investigations
The 2024 national election
References & Edit History
Facts & Stats
Images, Videos & Interactives
For Students
South Africa summary
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Which Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz
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South Africa: Media
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Videos
Are there too many elephants in Kruger National Park?
Learn about challenges of elephant conservation as faced in South Africa's Kruger...
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Ecophoto/Dreamstime.com
Behold South Africa's Drakensberg mountain range and learn about its varied culture and history
An introduction to South Africa, with a focus on its geography and history.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
History of diamond mining in South Africa
A history of diamond mining in South Africa.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Kanpisut Chaichalor/Dreamstime.com
The ancient kingdom hidden in Mapungubwe National Park
Overview of Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo province, South Africa.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Maximiliane Wagner/Dreamstime.com
How did apartheid change South Africa?
Three decades after apartheid, South Africa is still considered the most unequal...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Robben Island: From prison to World Heritage site
Learn about Robben Island, home to the South African maximum security prison in which...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
What is the vuvuzela?
Overview of the vuvuzela, a horn that is popular with South African football (soccer)...
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Patrick Allen/Dreamstime.com
How Albert Luthuli shaped South Africa's apartheid resistance
“I have the feeling that I have been made answerable for the future of the people...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Nelson Mandela: From shepherd to president
“In my country we go to prison first and then become President.”
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Attila Jandi/Dreamstime.com
Where did human evolution begin?
Learn about the
Australopithecus
genus.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
How do countries choose their capital cities?
Learn more about how countries decide where to locate their capital cities.
Video: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Images
South Africa
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Cape Town
An aerial view of Cape Town, South Africa.
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
South Africa
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Drakensberg mountains
Part of the Great Escarpment, the Drakensberg mountains separate the extensive high...
© René Paul Gosselin/Dreamstime.com
aloe plants
Tall aloe plants grow in Eastern Cape province of South Africa.
Graphic House/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
zebras
A herd of zebras grazing in one of South Africa's many wildlife reserves.
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
A hippopotamus at Kruger National Park in South Africa
A hippopotamus rearing its head above water in Kruger National Park, South Africa....
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Bantustans
A map of the territories known as Bantustans (also known as Black homelands or Black...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Cape Town
An aerial view of Cape Town, South Africa.
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
Johannesburg
The skyline of Johannesburg, Gauteng province, South Africa.
© Mark Atkins/Fotolia
South African 200-rand banknote
South African 200-rand banknote (reverse).
Courtesy of Ron Wise
vineyard near Cape Town
A vineyard near Cape Town, South Africa. The wine regions in Western Cape province...
© Timwege/Dreamstime.com
South African provinces
Provinces of South Africa.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ndebele house
Traditional artwork adorns a Ndebele house, South Africa.
© Denys Denysevych/Dreamstime.com
bobotie
Bobotie, a type of meat pie eaten in South Africa.
© Alexander Mychko/Dreamstime.com
Athol Fugard (center)
South African dramatist Athol Fugard sitting between actors John Kani (left) and...
Evening Standard/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
former prison on Robben Island
Entrance to the former prison on Robben Island, South Africa.
© tholi75/stock.adobe.com
Robben Island Prison
A replica of the Robben Island cell in which Nelson Mandela was imprisoned, at the...
Rodger Bosch/MediaClubSouthAfrica.com (www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com)
Robben Island
Robben Island in Table Bay, north of Cape Town, South Africa, was once home to a...
© steve_is_on_holiday/iStock.com
2007 Rugby Union World Cup final match
South Africa's Francois Steyn (center) running with the ball during the 2007 Rugby...
© Grosremy/Dreamstime.com
Mandela and Pienaar
South African Pres. Nelson Mandela (left) congratulating South African rugby team...
Jean-Pierre Muller—AFP/Getty Images
Jameson Raid: Defeat at Doornkop
Illustration depicting the defeat of Leander Starr Jameson and his troops at Doornkop...
© Universal History Archive—Universal Images Group/Getty images
South African War: Boer troops
Boer troops lining up in battle against the British during the South African War...
Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/REX/Shutterstock.com
Boer siege of Ladysmith
The Boer siege of Ladysmith (now uMnambithi), 1900, during the South African War...
Photos.com/Thinkstock
prison; Robben Island
Robben Island prison, South Africa, which operated as a maximum-security prison,...
© Rex_Wholster/iStock.com
Soweto Uprising
Uprising in Soweto, South Africa, on June 16, 1976. Demonstrators protested state...
AP Images
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela visiting a school in Johannesburg, South Africa, 1993.
© Joao Silva—AAI Fotostock/age fotostock
Nelson Mandela: 1994 election
Nelson Mandela voting in South Africa's historic 1994 election, the first time in...
JOHN PARKIN/AP Images
Thabo Mbeki
South African politician Thabo Mbeki, who served as president of the African National...
Courtesy African National Congress
Jacob Zuma
The president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, speaking at the Sports for Peace Gala,...
Sportsforpeace
Cyril Ramaphosa
The president of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, speaking in Pretoria, South Africa,...
Phil Magakoe—AFP/Getty Images
racially restricted beach in apartheid-era South Africa
Sign at a beach in Durban, South Africa, in 1989, during the apartheid era. It restricted...
Guinnog (cc-by-sa-3.0)
Flag of South Africa (1928–94).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa, Republic of
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Audio
National anthem of South Africa
The instrumental version of the national anthem of South Africa.
Interactives
South Africa: Ethnic composition
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa: Religious affiliation
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa: Urban-rural
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa: Age breakdown
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa: Major export destinations
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
South Africa: Major import sources
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
VIEW MORE
in these related Britannica articles:
Media for: Gauteng
Media for: Africa
Media for: Eastern Cape
Media for: Western Cape